تفاصيل الرسالة العلمية

This study addresses the social, economic and intellectual life in Damascus in the tenth and twelfth AH centuries /seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through the literature works of Mohammed bin Kinan Aldemashqi. The study was divided into an Introduction, five chapters and a conclusion. The author is Mohammed bin Isa bin Mahmoud bin Kinan Al Salhi Aldemashqi who died in the year of 1153 H.D / 1740 AD. His fame is due to the Sufi Khlwata religious directions his father follows. Although most of the sources pointed that the doctrine of Mohammed bin Kinan is the Hanbali school widely followed in his town "Alsalihia", but as a result of the research and exploration in his writings it is clear to us that he has shifted away from the Hanabili doctrine of his family towards that of Imam Abu Hanifa Alnuman, which is the doctrine of the ruling Ottoman Empire that had held the high positions of the followers of this doctrine. His doctrine has appeared through the large group of sources from which he benefited in his history of the conditions of the Damascus public and mentioned in his writings, and which reveal his passionate personality in reading and discussion with his seniors and students in science meetings, and the narrations of his poetry when addressing the specific aspects and which increased the richness of its culture. Additionally, this has increased the richness of his culture as well as his constant attendants of the seminars which were held in the schools, gatherings, and such events. He discussed issues regarding interpretation, Fiqh, Hadith and syntax and so on, which contributed to the refinement of his personality as a teacher in Almrushdih and Almardanih school in Damascus. The literature of Ibn Kinan formed an important and rich source of the information that benefited researchers and were documented for an articulated period of the Ottoman presence in Damascus especially if we knew that the twelfth century AH / eighteenth century AD which represents the beginning of weakness and decline of the Sultanate rule. In terms of social life, those compositions gave us a view of the combination of the Damascus society and its manifestations, and the nature of the social relations gave us those compositions of Damascus and manifestations and the nature of community relations based on religious occasions such as the celebration of Ramadan, Eids, celebrating the birth of the Prophet and the night of Sha'ban, or other occasions such as marriage, female and male genital mutilation, and completing the memorization of the Koran by their children, as well as their involvement with all that occurs in the Ottoman Empire, either the news that comes from the capital Istanbul and associated with the victories over the Europeans and the Persians, and the occupation of some castles there, or whatever of it was linked to the inauguration of the sultans or their marriage, as well as to describe the processions of governors and judges when they come to Damascus and practicing their duties after they are removed from their royal positions. The researcher was keen to record names of towns and villages, the problems facing their inhabitants and negative phenomena caused by bad manners, appearances deviation and homosexuality, or to identify the places where the people of Damascus went out for strolls, or to monitor the health and diseases, moreover the researcher?s recording of natural astronomical phenomena, such as earthquakes and floods, stars and comets movement, and lunar eclipse or eclipse of the sun. Furthermore, the researcher benefited from the literature of Ibn Kinan to know the relationship between the state, the military and dignitaries of Damascus such as scientists, Aghas and supervision as local forces that played a major role in the lives of the people. At the level of economic life in Damascus, the researcher has been tracking the weather, climate and their impact on economic activities of man such as agriculture, industry and the availability of water and rivers size. This also includes the fertility of the soil and its ability for agricultural production. This impacts the living conditions of the people in terms of vacillation in prices, either increase, decline or stability in prices followed by monitoring the various forms of precipitation and the abundance or scarcity, its accompanying strong winds, and what has resulted from the horrors and risks caused deaths, the superiority of their poultry, and demolishing their farms, orchards, their property and crop damage, or plagues and pests such as locusts creep, and the emergence of epidemic rinderpest from time to time, in addition to the effects left by the pilgrim caravans. Many of them drowned in the pond and the floods that stormed their way during their journey to the Holy Lands and back. Those compositions have also reflected the magnitude of the suffering that the people of Damascus have been fed up with a result of the tax they had to pay for the state. Furthermore, this includes the losses suffered by the traders and salesmen at the time of the riots and dissension led by terror and the military, where shops were closed, and buying and selling are stopped in addition to what may accompany these events including infringement markets looting, theft and arson, in addition to greed that appears when trade employers and some with positions such as resorting to monopolize goods with the aim of raising the price and restrictions on the physical conditions of the people. Moreover, the researcher benefited from the literature of Ibn Kinan in recording the number of plants, flowers and trees that both have economic and medical benefits. As for the intellectual life; it has been shown for the researcher through the writings of Ibn Kinan that the Ottoman Empire were not very interested in the establishment of educational facilities such as schools, gatherings, Hospices and Gorges, which were places used by Sufis to practice their rituals and habits associated with leaving the lower desires and orientation to request the afterlife worship, Althalal and supplications, and the type of relationship that was based on the appreciation and respect between the authority and the Mutasawifeen. This includes detecting some of their methods, particularly the Khalawati method, and recording the names of their seniors. Furthermore, the researcher benefited from knowing the types of science and books, which were taught in schools in Damascus as well as the differences between them in terms of endowments and wages of its employees, and its economic importance, especially those lessons that were held in the Umayyad Mosque. Furthermore, there is the conditions of the libraries that were established in a number of them along with what has been associated with the intellectual life of certain topics such as the matter of Vows to Awlya after Death, or begging the prophets, messengers and the righteous guardians of God, and the views of Fuqaha thereof. This also includes a look at the owners, dignities, Majaveb and what has been linked to some with regards to conditions and behaviors. Additionally, it includes the paranormal that made them more advantaged than others, such as their ability to cure diseases, or reclaim baggage and money that were lost by the owners. The importance of these compositions were clear by undertaking the Shiie ideas and its impact on the community of Damascus and coupled with the Shia shrines of the Shiies, which indicated their deployment in the city of Damascus. Finally, the credibility of Mohammed bin Kinan as a historian, appeared in his literature that documented the social, economic and intellectual history of Damascus in this period. The subsequent sources supported important historical source irreplaceable in the study of the conditions of Damascus in the twelfth century AH / eighteenth AD, as al-Badri, Barber Diaries have confirmed when compared with the literature of Ibn Kinan, the sincerity of the news and information they narrated by Ibn Kinan